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  <ul>
    <li><a href="#key的定义">key的定义</a></li>
    <li><a href="#key的作用">Key的作用</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#无状态组件">无状态组件</a></li>
        <li><a href="#有状态组件">有状态组件</a></li>
      </ul>
    </li>
    <li><a href="#key的分类">Key的分类</a></li>
    <li><a href="#何时使用key">何时使用key</a>
      <ul>
        <li><a href="#valuekey">ValueKey</a></li>
        <li><a href="#objectkey">ObjectKey</a></li>
        <li><a href="#uniquekey">UniqueKey</a></li>
        <li><a href="#pagestoragekey">PageStorageKey</a></li>
        <li><a href="#globalkey">GlobalKey</a></li>
      </ul>
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    <li><a href="#参考资料">参考资料</a></li>
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    <article class="post">
        <header>
            <h1 class="post-title">《Flutter中key的作用》</h1>
        </header>
        <date class="post-meta meta-date">
            2021年7月26日
        </date>
        
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            <span>|</span>
            
            <span class="meta-category"><a href='/categories/flutter'>flutter</a></span>
            
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        <div class="post-content">
            <blockquote>
<p>本文主要介绍</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="key的定义">key的定义</h2>
<p>Key Class官方介绍：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A [Key] is an identifier for [Widget]s, [Element]s and [SemanticsNode]s.</p>
<p>A new widget will only be used to update an existing element if its key is</p>
<p>the same as the key of the current widget associated with the element.</p>
<p>{@youtube 560 315 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn0EOS-ZiIc%7D">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn0EOS-ZiIc}</a></p>
<p>Keys must be unique amongst the [Element]s with the same parent.</p>
<p>Subclasses of [Key] should either subclass [LocalKey] or [GlobalKey].</p>
</blockquote>
<p>翻译过来：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>一个Key是Widget，Element以及SemanticsNode的标识。</p>
<p>一个新widget将仅用来更新一个已存在的element假如它的key和当前widget关联的元素一致。</p>
<p>官方介绍视频 <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn0EOS-ZiIc">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn0EOS-ZiIc</a></p>
<p>在有着相同父节点的element中，Key必须是唯一的。</p>
<p>Key的子类要么是LocalKey，要么是GlobalKey。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Key 官方介绍：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Controls how one widget replaces another widget in the tree.</p>
<p>If the <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Widget/dart-core/Object/runtimeType.html">runtimeType</a> and <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Widget/widgets/Widget/key.html">key</a> properties of the two widgets are <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Widget/widgets/Widget/operator_equals.html">operator==</a>, respectively, then the new widget replaces the old widget by updating the underlying element (i.e., by calling <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Widget/widgets/Element/update.html">Element.update</a>with the new widget). Otherwise, the old element is removed from the tree, the new widget is inflated into an element, and the new element is inserted into the tree.</p>
<p>In addition, using a <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Widget/widgets/GlobalKey-class.html">GlobalKey</a> as the widget’s <a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Widget/widgets/Widget/key.html">key</a> allows the element to be moved around the tree (changing parent) without losing state. When a new widget is found (its key and type do not match a previous widget in the same location), but there was a widget with that same global key elsewhere in the tree in the previous frame, then that widget’s element is moved to the new location.</p>
<p>Generally, a widget that is the only child of another widget does not need an explicit key.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>翻译过来：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>控制一个小部件如何替换树中的另一个小部件。</p>
<p>如果两个widget的<a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/dart-core/Object/runtimeType.html">runtimeType</a>和<a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Widget/key.html">key</a>属性分别是相等的(<a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Widget/operator_equals.html">==</a>)，则新widget通过更新基础element（即，通过使用新的widget调用<a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Element/update.html">Element.update</a>）来替换旧widget。否则，将从树中删除旧element，将新widget放大为一个element，然后将新element插入到树中。</p>
<p>另外，使用<a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/GlobalKey-class.html">GlobalKey</a>作为窗口小部件的<a href="https://api.flutter.dev/flutter/widgets/Widget/key.html">key</a>允许该element在树上移动（更改父级）而不会丢失状态。当找到新的widget（其键和类型与相同位置的先前widget不匹配），但是在前一帧的树中其他位置有一个具有相同全局键的widget时，该widget的element将移至新位置。</p>
<p>通常，作为另一个widget的唯一child的widget不需要显式key。</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="key的作用">Key的作用</h2>
<p>大多数时候并不需要使用key。</p>
<p>当需要在一个<strong>StatefulWidget</strong>集合中进行添加、删除、重排序等操作时，才是key登场的时候。</p>
<h3 id="无状态组件">无状态组件</h3>
<p>下面这段代码在一个Row中展示了两个彩色方片（StatelessContainer），当点击按钮时，会交换两个方片的位置：</p>
<p><a href="https://blog.wangruofeng007.com/images/flutter_key/img_key_screen.png">
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://luckly007.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/img_key.png">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img_key_screen" src="https://luckly007.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/img_key.png" />
        </a>
    </a></p>
<p>代码如下</p>
<pre><code>import 'dart:math';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class StatelessContainer extends StatelessWidget {
  final Color color = Color.fromRGBO(
      Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), 1);

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      width: 100,
      height: 100,
      color: color,
    );
  }
}

class Screen extends StatefulWidget {
  @override
  _ScreenState createState() =&gt; _ScreenState();
}

class _ScreenState extends State&lt;Screen&gt; {
  List&lt;Widget&gt; widgets = [
    StatelessContainer(),
    StatelessContainer(),
  ];

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Row(
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: widgets,
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: switchWidget,
        child: Icon(Icons.undo),
      ),
    );
  }

  switchWidget() {
    widgets.insert(0, widgets.removeAt(1));
    setState(() {});
  }
}
</code></pre><h3 id="有状态组件">有状态组件</h3>
<p>有状态组件的状态信息（如颜色）通常是存储在state中的，而state是存储在element树中的。</p>
<p>那么Key到底应该用到哪呢？
我们再来一个例子，我们把色块用Padding包装一下。运行之后会发现，色块并没有交换，而是以随机的形式在变换颜色。为什么呢？</p>
<pre><code>import 'dart:math';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Screen extends StatefulWidget {
  Screen({Key key}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  _ScreenState createState() =&gt; _ScreenState();
}

class _ScreenState extends State&lt;Screen&gt; {
  List&lt;Widget&gt; widgets = [
    Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(8.0),
      child: StatefulContainer(key: UniqueKey()),
    ),
    Padding(
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(8.0),
      child: StatefulContainer(key: UniqueKey()),
    ),
  ];

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Row(
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: widgets,
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: switchWidget,
        child: Icon(Icons.undo),
      ),
    );
  }

  switchWidget() {
    widgets.insert(0, widgets.removeAt(1));
    setState(() {});
    print('${widgets[0]}, ${widgets[1]}');
  }
}

class StatefulContainer extends StatefulWidget {
  StatefulContainer({Key key}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  _StatefulContainerState createState() =&gt; _StatefulContainerState();
}

class _StatefulContainerState extends State&lt;StatefulContainer&gt; {
  final Color color = Color.fromRGBO(
      Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), 1);

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      color: color,
      width: 100,
      height: 100,
    );
  }
}
</code></pre><p>结合我们上面的理论，我们分析一下这次的Widget Tree 和 Element Tree，当我们交换元素后，Flutter element-to-widget matching algorithm,(元素-组件匹配算法)，开始进行对比，算法每次只对比一层，即Padding这一层。显然，Padding并没有发生本质的变化。</p>
<p>于是开始进行第二层对比，在对比时Flutter发现元素与组件的Key并不匹配，于是，把它设置成不可用状态，但是这里所使用的Key只是本地Key（Local Key），Flutter并不能找到另一层里面的Key（即另外一个Padding Widget中的Key）所以，Flutter就创建了一个新的Widget，而这个Widget的颜色就成了我们看到的『随机色』。</p>
<p>通过上面的示例，我们能明显的看出，我们的Key要设置到组件树的 <strong>顶层</strong>，而这一层在改变时，才能复用或者更新状态。</p>
<p>修正版本：</p>
<pre><code>import 'dart:math';

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Screen extends StatefulWidget {
  Screen({Key key}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  _ScreenState createState() =&gt; _ScreenState();
}

class _ScreenState extends State&lt;Screen&gt; {
  List&lt;Widget&gt; widgets = [
    Padding(
      key: UniqueKey(),
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(8.0),
      child: StatefulContainer(),
    ),
    Padding(
      key: UniqueKey(),
      padding: const EdgeInsets.all(8.0),
      child: StatefulContainer(),
    ),
  ];

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Row(
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.center,
          children: widgets,
        ),
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: switchWidget,
        child: Icon(Icons.undo),
      ),
    );
  }

  switchWidget() {
    widgets.insert(0, widgets.removeAt(1));
    setState(() {});
    print('${widgets[0]}, ${widgets[1]}');
  }
}

class StatelessContainer extends StatelessWidget {
  final Color color = Color.fromRGBO(
      Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), 1);

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      color: color,
      width: 100,
      height: 100,
    );
  }
}

class StatefulContainer extends StatefulWidget {
  StatefulContainer({Key key}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  _StatefulContainerState createState() =&gt; _StatefulContainerState();
}

class _StatefulContainerState extends State&lt;StatefulContainer&gt; {
  final Color color = Color.fromRGBO(
      Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), Random().nextInt(256), 1);

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      color: color,
      width: 100,
      height: 100,
    );
  }
}
</code></pre><h2 id="key的分类">Key的分类</h2>
<p><a href="https://blog.wangruofeng007.com/images/flutter_key/img_key.png">
        <a data-fancybox="gallery" href="https://luckly007.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/img_key.png">
            <img class="mx-auto" alt="img_key" src="https://luckly007.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/img/img_key.png" />
        </a>
    </a></p>
<ul>
<li>ValueKey:以一个值为key。</li>
<li>ObjectKey:以一个对象为key。</li>
<li>UniqueKey:生成唯一的随机数作为key。</li>
<li>PageStorageKey:专用于存储页面滚动位置的key。</li>
<li>GlobalKey:见后文。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="何时使用key">何时使用key</h2>
<h3 id="valuekey">ValueKey</h3>
<p>如果您有一个 Todo List 应用程序，它将会记录你需要完成的事情。我们假设每个 Todo 事情都各不相同，而你想要对每个 Todo 进行滑动删除操作。</p>
<p>这时候就需要使用 ValueKey！</p>
<pre><code>return TodoItem(
    key: ValueKey(todo.task),
    todo: todo,
    onDismissed: (direction){
        _removeTodo(context, todo);
    },
);
</code></pre><h3 id="objectkey">ObjectKey</h3>
<p>如果你有一个生日应用，它可以记录某个人的生日，并用列表显示出来，同样的还是需要有一个滑动删除操作。</p>
<p>我们知道人名可能会重复，这时候你无法保证给 Key 的值每次都会不同。但是，当人名和生日组合起来的 Object 将具有唯一性。</p>
<p>这时候你需要使用 ObjectKey！</p>
<h3 id="uniquekey">UniqueKey</h3>
<p>如果组合的 Object 都无法满足唯一性的时候，你想要确保每一个 Key 都具有唯一性。那么，你可以使用 UniqueKey。它将会通过该对象生成一个具有唯一性的 hash 码。</p>
<p>不过这样做，每次 Widget 被构建时都会去重新生成一个新的 UniqueKey，失去了一致性。也就是说你的小部件还是会改变。（还不如不用😂）</p>
<h3 id="pagestoragekey">PageStorageKey</h3>
<p>当你有一个滑动列表，你通过某一个 Item 跳转到了一个新的页面，当你返回之前的列表页面时，你发现滑动的距离回到了顶部。这时候，给 Sliver 一个 PageStorageKey！它将能够保持 Sliver 的滚动状态。</p>
<h3 id="globalkey">GlobalKey</h3>
<p>每个globalkey都是一个在整个应用内唯一的key。</p>
<p>globalkey相对而言是比较昂贵的，如果你并不需要globalkey的某些特性，那么可以考虑使用Key、ValueKey、ObjectKey或UniqueKey。</p>
<h4 id="用途1">用途1</h4>
<p>允许widget在应用程序中的任何位置更改其parent而不丢失其状态。应用场景：在两个不同的屏幕上显示相同的widget，并保持状态相同。</p>
<h4 id="用途2">用途2</h4>
<p>GlobalKey 能够跨 Widget 访问状态。 在这里我们有一个 Switcher 小部件，它可以通过 changeState 改变它的状态。</p>
<pre><code>class SwitcherScreenState extends State&lt;SwitcherScreen&gt; {
  bool isActive = false;

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: Center(
        child: Switch.adaptive(
            value: isActive,
            onChanged: (bool currentStatus) {
              isActive = currentStatus;
              setState(() {});
            }),
      ),
    );
  }

  changeState() {
    isActive = !isActive;
    setState(() {});
  }
}
</code></pre><p>但是我们想要在外部改变该状态，这时候就需要使用 GlobalKey。</p>
<pre><code>class _ScreenState extends State&lt;Screen&gt; {
  final GlobalKey&lt;SwitcherScreenState&gt; key = GlobalKey&lt;SwitcherScreenState&gt;();

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      body: SwitcherScreen(
        key: key,
      ),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(onPressed: () {
        key.currentState.changeState();
      }),
    );
  }
}
</code></pre><p>这里我们通过定义了一个 GlobalKey 并传递给 SwitcherScreen。然后我们便可以通过这个 key 拿到它所绑定的 SwitcherState 并在外部调用 changeState 改变状态了。</p>
<h2 id="参考资料">参考资料</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn0EOS-ZiIc&amp;feature=youtu.be">何时使用密钥 - Flutter小部件 101 第四集</a></li>
<li><a href="https://flutter.dev/docs/development/ui/widgets-intro#keys">widgets-intro#keys</a></li>
<li><a href="https://juejin.im/post/5ca2152f6fb9a05e1a7a9a26">Flutter | 深入浅出Key</a></li>
<li><a href="https://blog.csdn.net/al4fun/article/details/95854045">Flutter中的Key和GlobalKey</a></li>
</ul>
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